This is just one of many possible solutions:
number_of_dots = int(input('Please enter a number of dots less than or equal to 31: '))
cards = ''
if number_of_dots <= 31:
if number_of_dots >= 16:
number_of_dots = number_of_dots - 16
cards = cards + '16, '
if number_of_dots >= 8:
number_of_dots = number_of_dots - 8
cards = cards + '8, '
if number_of_dots >= 4:
number_of_dots = number_of_dots - 4
cards = cards + '4, '
if number_of_dots >= 2:
number_of_dots = number_of_dots - 2
cards = cards + '2, '
if number_of_dots >= 1:
number_of_dots = number_of_dots - 1
cards = cards + '1, '
print(cards)
else:
print('Please choose a number less than or equal to 31.')